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Shorthand in 
Three Days 



-By 

REGINALD J. G. DUTTON 



Jk 



Price 50 Cents 



Shorthand in 
Three Days 



By 
Reginald J." G. Button 



Copyright, IQlb, in the United 
States of America, and Euro, 
pean countries and colonics. 



' 



AUTHOR'S NOTE. 

The system set forth in the following pages 
is issued by the author in the hope that one day 
it may be deemed worthy of being taught along 
with Reading, Writing and Arithmetic in all the 
Elementary Schools of the United States of 
America. 

The system is built on the principle of "Look 
after the R's and L's, T's and B's, S's and N's. 
and the other letters will look after themselves." 
Anyone scrutinizing the English language cannot 
fail to be struck with the remarkable frequency 
of these letters, one of the six being used in prac- 
tically every syllable. 

Though the text book has been arranged for 
self tuition, the assistance of a Teacher is always 
valuable and strongly recommended. A special 
postal course has been arranged by the author 
for those who may have any difficulty in obtain- 
ing verbal instruction, and may be obtained from 
Room No. i, Button's Business College, Skeg- 
ness, England. Fee, 5 dollars. 

The author will welcome both appreciation 
and criticism. Though he now necessarily enters 
into rivalry with the systems detailed below, he 
desires to pay his tribute to the authors thereof 
for their respective valuable contributions to the 
evolutionary building up of a perfect shorthand 
system. If the author of Button's Shorthand has 
added one brick to that edifice he will feel that 
his labours have not been in vain. 

Pitman's Script, 

Sloan-Buployan, Oxford, 

Gregg. 

REGINALD J. G. BUTTON, 
Skegness, England, Sept., 1916. 



JUN 23 W? 

©CI.A472253 






DUTTONS SHORTHAND 
IN A NUTSHELL. 

Consonants (all Thin Strokes). 
B D F G H J 



c 


1 




) 




/ 


• 


//> 


K 


L 




M 




N 


P 


Q, R 


_ 


^> 




jT> 




^. 


r 


_y / 




S 


T 




V 




w 


Y 2 




rj 


^ 




~J 




L> 


1 STJ 




CH 

\ 






SH 




NG 

r ■ 


TH 

V 










VOWELS. 





Short e, i, oo, u are represented by a turned half-hook 
at the beginning and end of words. Omitted in the 
body of words. 

Long e, by a half-hook joined into the consonant. 

Long oo, u, by a complete hook. 

Long a, short a, ah and i, by a small circle. 

Long o, short o and aw by a large circle. 

Ow by a loop on the left and top side of consonant 
stroke. 

Oi by a loop on the right and under side of consonant 
stroke. 

A special distinguishing dot or tick is given to each 
vowel for use in uncommon words. 

THE SIX RULES. 

1. L or R is added to any consonant stroke doubled 
in size, L being distinguished by position. 

2. T also denoted by a turned half-hook ; D by a 
larger one. 

3. S 2 (soft s) or N added by thickening, N being 
distinguished by position. 

4. S or Ex precedes any outline placed close to the 
preceding word. 

5. When two position rules conflict in the same 
word, the rule occurring first in the word is applied. 

6. Terminations of many words may be omitted, 
only as much of an outline being written as will 
indicate the word intended. 



LESSON 1. 

In Dutton's, as in all well-known Shorthand Systems, 
words are transcribed according to their sound, and not 
as they are spelt. The letter C is, therefore, not in- 
cluded in the shorthand alphabet, as its soft sound is 
the same as s in saueer (sawser), and its hard sound the 
same as k in call (kawl). Similarly, letters in any word 
which are not sounded are not written in the shorthand 
outline. For example, the signs for 1, a, t only are 
written for late ; brought is transcribed as brawt, doubt, 
as dowt, match as mach ; grudge as gruj, and so on. 

Exercise 1 . 

Write out the following exercise in full. The 
consonants are all thin downstrokes. The length 
of the strokes should never exceed that shewn, 

BDFGJLNPYCHSH 

c /\ j / // "> ^- r J \ \\ 

The circles in j and sh are written only at the 
beginning of words. The parallel ticks need only be 
used in the body of uncommon words to distinguish j 
from g and sh from ch. 

H is generally omitted, but in uncommon words 
is expressed by a heavy dot. 

The short e 1 u oo Vowels. 

The short e, /, u and oo vowels as in peg, lip, pup, 
and good, are omitted in the body of words, thus : — 
peg/" H P P pupy" good/ 

At the beginning of words, they are expressed by 
a turned half-hook written on the eight hand side of 
up or down strokes, as up /^ , ebb C , ill *S , and on 

the under side of horizontal strokes, him <r\ hit ^ 

At the end of words they are expressed by a 
turned half-hook written on the left-hand side of up or 

down strokes, as chippy \ , bevy C , heady S 

the y vowel in these words having, of course, the short 

i sound, and on the top side of horizontal strokes, 
as ducky Lo , jetty £_-, 

When it is desired to specially denote one of these 
vowels in uncommon words, a horizontal tick should 
be written over the angle where the vowel is to be read 
to represent short e ; a perpendicular tick to represent 
short i, a light dot to denote short u, and a heavy tick 
to represent short oo. 



Exercise 2. 

Transcribe the following words into shorthand, 
omitting the distinguishing ticks. The first consonant 
must always rest on the line. 

1. Chip \ big C Biddy f judge / shove 3 

2. Ill, dip, push, leg, hip,' fig, Peggy, nib. 

3. Give, Dicky, gush, beg, pig, ebb, edge, niche, 

4. Bushy, fetch, ledge, heavy, etch. 

Exercise 3. 

Write the longhand after the shorthand, as in 
line 1. Give all the possible meanings, trying all 
the vowels each time, as: — dep, dip, dup, = dip, 
Meg, mig, mug, mej, mij, muj. = Meg, mug, midge. 
In writing sentences, the context would denote 
which word was intended. 

\.\ship C bush > fetch y nip ^\ ledge 

2 - / D f < J ? 

3. f % V \ t 

Exercise 4. 

Upstrokes . R/ SryZrjNG f~ KW (Q) J 

The second stroke for S and Z is employed 
when a better angle can be formed. The tick is used 
to distinguish 2 in uncommon words only. 

Horizontal strokes — 
K — M ^ T^ W u Y O 



Long e, oo and u Vowels. 

Long oo, as in eoop, and the diphthong u, as in few, 
are represented by a complete hook written in the 

most convenient direction, as eoop —y , few >, , 

rue /° . To avoid confusion with the half-hook 

for the short vowels, it should be noted that the hook 



for u and long oo has two sides, whereas the half-hook, 
being turned from a consonant stroke, has but one 

side. Compare few ~X with puffy C , rue /^ 

with hurry <f , eue — ^ with lueky ~\* . To 

distinguish u in uncommon words, a tick may be 
written under the hook. 

The long ee vowel, as in keep, leap, etc.. is 

represented by a half-hook joined into the consonant 

stroke, as : — peak f- , wreak s*— , sheep A 
heel, heal "*\ . eat ^ , heap {^ , key ~r , 
she V 

Word Signs. 

We are indebted to Mr. Percy Kingsford, the 
author of Oxford Shorthand, for the information that 
the British and American peoples use 35 simple words 
over and over again, these 35 words actually making 
up more than one-half of the written and spoken 
language. It will obviously be a wise move to allot 
the 35 simplest possible signs to these words, thus 
assisting to make our system the highest speed system 
in the world. Here are the first batch which by 
constant repetition in your studies, will soon root 
firmly, without causing any memory burden. 

At, it \ , with i , was I , and (up or 

down) / , he, him - , in, one, any (n) v_ 

be, by, but (b) C , will, well (1) "^ , is, his, 

us (s) r or J , I o , A, an . , The, to (t) ^ . 

Exercise 5. 

Word-Signs are printed in italics. A full stop is 
indicated by a cross. 

1. Cue , reach , youth , hurry , queer 

2. Weal, thing, quip, us, deep, vim, in, key, due. 

3. View, ring, the, reap, beam, hymn, will, one. 

4. Leaky, and, revere, wreak, any, beauty, well. 

5. He was with him. Keep a jug in the room. 

6. The ship will be here in a week. 



7 

Exercise 6. 

Transcribe into Longhand : — 

1. weep, t/ chubby, "s here, ear, S will, well "^ 

2. </- ^V- ^ f 1 ~^S "^ S 

3. >>> ^-^^X^^^ 

4. o >i ^ - • C - -fx 

5. J r r -r , o • c ^ ^ x 
LESSON 2. 

Rule I.— L or R is read after any con- 
sonant stroke, which is doubled in size. 

(a) If the FIRST consonant in a word is doubled 
to add 7, the stroke should be written THROUGH or 

BELOW the line, as gum A , glum / , push C , 

plush /^ , eush —^ , eluteh , but pick £L , 

pickle £ 

(b) In the case of the omittable short vowels e, i, 
u, oo, occurring between any consonant and 1 or^r, 
the double stroke may be used, as Bury, \ , firm A, 
film \ , gully / mill ^_^ 

(c) When a vowel which is written occurs between 
any consonant and 1 and r, the double stroke must not 
be used, as Keel — ^ , Fear "V • Gear f^ . 

THE SMALL CIRCLE. 

A small circle represents short a as in back (o— , 
long a as in cape -f , ah as in calm —<r\ , and i as in 
file ^ . 

In uncommon words a horizontal tick may be 
written underneath the tick to denote long a. a 
perpendicular tick for ah, and a diagonal tick for 
short a. 

The ah vowel may also be used for ' ar ' as 
farm ^K , park <A , lark *>- 



8 

Rules for Position of Vowel Circles. 

(a) Joined to straight strokes the vowel circles 
are written on the same side as the short half-hook 
vowels, viz.: (1) Initially, on the right-hand side of 
down and up strokes, and the under side of horizontal 
strokes ; (2) Finally, on the left-hand side of down and 
up strokes, and on the top side of horizontal strokes. 

Examples : — Ash \ , cry p, cake,-^— gag </ 

rare J^ . 

(b) Joined to a curve the circle is written inside 
the curve: — Play ( , try v — 9 % wa y (J , able ( , 
back C . t V 

(c) When two signs meet to form an angle the 
circle is generally written on the outside of the angle. 

Examples : — 

Pack Jl , pair p , shame V> , prime <r\ 

Exercise 7. 

WORD SIGNS. 

Have, of (v) J , reply s{ , not. ^ , 

we (w) u , you (y) (1 , if, for (f) } , their, 
there (tr) v — s . 

Transcribe into shorthand : — 

1. Shame, farm, calm, play, pray, glimmer. 

2. Glitter, grape, fritter, feeler, meal, mill, careful. 

3. Courage, paper, grammar, chair, lake, lame, deal 

4. On their way through the prairie the brave 
feader and his troop picked up the trail of the wily 
tribe. 

,5. The gleam and glitter of the lake is like a jewel. 
6. Like her brave father the little girl is full of 
courage. 



Exercise 8. 

2 - n -? < ^ -jc < 

Rule 2.— T may also be denoted by a half-hook, 
and D by a large half-hook, In the following 
positions :— 

1. Initially on the left hand side of up and down 
strokes, and on the top side of horizontal strokes, as 

tip f , tough 9 , duck c— , dumb on 

tame tt-» , tag f , dash A 

2. Medially or Finally on the right-hand side 
of up and down strokes and on the under side of 
horizontal strokes, as cut —> , shed *\j , retired /^. 

Note carefully that : 

(a) The long 'tr,' 'tl,' dr,' ' dl ' strokes should 
generally be preferred to a hook and a stroke, as 

butter C_x not fr , trouble ^ — s not ^f , 

fitter 2 s not >^ , reader A ^ not ^ 

(b) Medially the t and d half-hooks must be turned 
on the end of the preceding consonant, not at the 

beginning of the following stroke, as bedeck <S~ not £__ . 
litigate ~\ not ~Y> , British v^ not C 
mitigate *~> not *-* 

(c) Another half-hook may be added to a t or d 
half-hcok or any of the complete hook vowels oo, u, 
to represent either another * t ' or ' d ' or a final short 

vowel, as pretty C% , parted £ , witty U" , 

rated y^> , dewy /v , repute •£ , shoot °Vv 



10 

(d) After long ee the t or d stroke must be used, 
as :—feet V , breed C 

(e) Not more than two hooks should be used 
successively. Duty would therefore be written \\_j 
not kn . booty <cl? not Gj> 

(f) The t stroke and not the hook should be 
employed to represent th, as breath Q_, 
breadth (^ 

Exercise 9. 

WORD SIGNS. 

They, that v_? , which, much (ch) \ 
or, o'er, our, hour, are (r) X (up), 

Transcribe into shorthand : — 

1. Dim, tame, dub, tug, duck, tough, dip. 

2. Late, lead, builder, better, little, bidder. 

3. Beautiful, breathe, brood, pewter, tailor. 

4. In the library we heard a big crash. 

5. The lady who lived in the villa by the lake gave 
a pretty necklet to each girl in the village to mark 
the victory of the British Army. 

6. The cat killed our tame thrush. 

Exercise 10. 

Give the longhand for : — 
1. °0 n c ^ ^) ^ ^ 

4. i J, — 7 - <LS ^ ^ Y* 



5. \ A -> r> J 



n C, 



11 
LESSON 3. 

Rule 3. — S, Z (soft S), or N, as context decides, 
is read after any thickened sign. 

Bed G , beds (9 , day J , days » , 
trust v^-* 1 best C , kissed —, , worse U 
yes rt , taciturn s^y kills . , aspen ^° . 

(a) When the first stroke consonant, or a hook or 
circle joined to the first stroke consonant, is thickened 
to add N, the first stroke should be written above the 

line of writing, as Fenders , windows .af.. t 

anticipate X 

(b) S, Z or N may also be read before a thickened 
T or D hook, written medially or finally, as 

Plant f , present 6 , wisest if*. 

(c) At the beginning o'f words a thickened T or D 
stroke should be employed in preference to a thickened 
T or D Hook, thus: — tender N , not, 7 

distrain (, » , not ^ p , dental ' — *. not 

tusk w , not c- , dusk L. not c_ 

THE 'O' VOWELS. 

The vowels o as in 'cold,' 'aw as in 'port,' and 
o as in ' shot,' are represented by a large circle O, 
as coal -^ , port ^f , shot ^ 

To specifically distinguish the sounds in uncommon 
words a horizontal tick may be placed under the o for 
aw as in port, and a perpendicular tick for the short o, 
as in shot 

The 'aw' circle also suffices for 'or,' as in 
port jC , fort ^> , etc. 



12 

Exercise 11. 

WORD SIGNS. 
All o , Also O , From ) , Me, Them ^ 
On. , Being, Been ( , Who o , Out ., Your /? 
Year /I , Ever, Evepy y , Receipt S , Can 
come — , Mr., Mere, s N , Do / , Must 
most /> , Where, were, we are C/ , shall \ 
favour ^ . Messrs. Mrs. ^"*\ , 

Transcribe into shorthand : — 

1. Rest, rent, cast, cant, pressed, preserved. 

2. Lent, coast, boast, presume, lost, reserve. 

3. General, dimples, distil, bring, feast, 

4. Quantity, traced, rescue, divine, feline, revert.. 

5. Practice, dinner, glass, master, mast, blossom. 

Rule 4. — S or Ex is understood to commence 
any outline placed close to the preceding word. 

Examples : — Please step this way, and be excep- 

O - & - ( c ^ 

tionally still, for the sick and exhausted patient sleeps. 
•) _ ,Q^ <^ 

Note. — When a word commencing with S or Ex 
begins a new paragraph, the S or thickened K stroke 
must be used. 



Exercise 12. 

Transcribe into shorthand : — 

1. Expect, such, extol, scrub, suppose, exhume, 
summer, excite, slept. 



13 

2. The soldiers seem extremely excited. Where 
are your superior officers ? 

3. Do send me also a spade and shovel from 
your extensive stock. 

4. All his wants were in every way satisfied on 
receipt of Messrs. Frith's most excellent souvenir. 



Exercise 13. 

i. ^3V^ 




LESSON 4. 

THE 'OP and 'OW DIPHTHONGS. 

The oi and ow diphthongs (oi as in boy, ow as in 
cow), are represented by a loop, that for oi being 
written on the right-hand side of up and down strokes, 
and on the top side of horizontal strokes, the ow loop 

taking the opposite positions. Examples : — boy , 

cow ^o . bough (, , oil ^ , owl G *) , foil }h , 
fowl ^> , trowel ^_-^ , boisterous 6*— * 

Both loops may be prolonged to add a t or d hook, 
as void J , vowed ^ , loud ""§ , towel ^ , 
enjoyed <v 



14 

Exercise 14. 

Soil, boil, joy, coy, boy, annoy, alloy, toy, voile, 
cow, bow, bough, now, how, sour, loud, trowel, towel, 
cloy, brow, employ. 



Prefixes. 

The' following strokes and hooks in addition to 
representing letters and vowels, may also represent 
the various prefixes given below. This list must be 
thoroughly acquired. 



Al, or, (aw) — O 
Almost <5> , Ordained ^ 
Always Q> , Organic Jl 



Although OP 



Com, Con, Coun. (k)— 



Combine 
Continue 
Country , 



Company 
, Confess 
Consider 



1 

1 



Commodity -P 

, Counter _^__ 

, Construct— ^_ 



En, In, Un; may be represented by a larger half- 
Tiook written in the same position, as the half-hook 
vowels, the consonant stroke to which it is joined 
being written above the line. 



Examples : — Enlighten 

Undergo I , Infer J 

Enter , Indefinite % 

f 
Indelible I , 



% 



Undo V 
Unaffected \ 
Unobserved (/? 



I 



15 

When a complete hook vowel follows en, in, op un, 

the n stroke must be used, as unused ^\, , inure *W 

Em. im, may also be represented by a similar large 
half-hook, the consonant stroke to which it is joined 
being written on or through the line. Examples : — 

Embarrass £■ , Empire £? . Emancipate X. 

Emblem C , Impossible £ , Emaciate ^ , 

Emolument ^\^ , Imagine ^ / . 

When the long vowels e, i, or u follow em or im the 
' m ' stroke must be used, as Emulate <r>. 
Immediate <r* 

For, Fore (f) :— ) 
Foresight J} . Fortune \, , Forego } , Forbear ) , 

Out (ow) :— d * 

Outcast er*- , Outstrip ^-^ , Outfit 5 

Pre, Per, Pro (pr) :— ( 
Proposal f , Prefect C , Preferred C 

^ Compound Prefixes. ^ 

Two prefixes may be joined together, or a vowel 
and a prefix, as Accommodate *& , Dis- 
continue l^, , Disconcert W , Misconstrue <~k-^_so 
Reconsider y "l , Recompense /■£- ,. Inex- 

cusable ^~*f ' , Uncommon ^ , Impro- 

priety ( , Unenlightened ^, 

Rule 5. — When two position rules conflict in 
the same word, the rale occurring first in the 
word is applied. 

Examples: — Clean f _. Ankle « , Kiln , 

Aspen f , Indelible I , Enfilade J^ 
Impend ** , Inexpensive ^%9 , Undesirable Vf 
Unconcern 



16 

Exercise 15. 

1. Alteration, alternately, orderly, orchestra. 

2. Content, combination, compass, countered. 

3. Immobile, endure, imperative, impress. 

4. Impanel, embarrass, implicate, implicit, imagine. 

5. Emigrate, immerse, entertain, inform, inop- 
portune, inaugurate, propose, incongruous, delaine. 

6. Inimitable, inure, uneasy, unequal, unengaged. 

7. Unfounded, unbaked, fortify, forsake. 

8. Outgrow, outlast, preface, perspire, provide. 

9. Preserve, indelicate, implicitness, enfilade. 

10. Incomparable, improvise, ankle, clean, handle. 

11. Plain, unpleasant, immune, inseparable, 

12. Please explain yonr needs to some other citizen. 

13. The knell of doom sounded in his ears. There 
were plenty to save others, but none to send him 
succour. 

Exercise 16. 

Transcribe into longhand: — 



i.S S 



There are several frequent endings to words for 
which it is only necessary to write the first letter or 
letters. The most important are the following : — 

Eive, elf {ee)— Believe ( , tfelief y/S . 
Conceive -r 

Graph {gr) — Photograph ckP , Telegraph 
Hold {od)— Freehold ^ / , Copyhold -f^l 
Uphold £ o*' 



17 

Ing (n) — Thickening, or stroke n. (The t and d 
hooks should not be thickened to add ' ing,' the strokes 
being utilised). Reaping ,-*•" , Choosing \>. i 

Going a 7 , Fleeting ^\. Feeding ) „ Bending / . 

Ly (denoted by final half-hook short vowel). 
Accordingly <r-P , Lastly >> , Jolly ^ , Homely CTX 
Freely / , Freshly J 

Merit (m). — Ferment A > Torment 77^ , 
Allotments °frr^ , Fragments J 

Ology (o).— Phrenology , Geology % 

Self (omit /). — Himself <s^ , Yourself f\^ . 
Selves {omit v).— - Themselves •^\ % . Ourselves /} 
Ship (sh). — Worship LA , Kingship -i 
Titute, Titude (tit). Latitude ~^ , Constitute -5 
Ture (tr) — Lecture "^-^^ , Feature ^—^ , 

Captures -^> . 

Ual, Oove(u) — Casual- 1 ^ /Manual ^ , Actuals , 

Improve h 

Ward (rd) — Forward >"' , Towards v^ 7 

Reward /"^ 

Exercise 17. 

1. Hardship, Lordship, Receive, Deceive, Belief. 

2. Improve, Stenograph, Paragraph, Autograph, 
Leasehold, Stronghold, Wedding, Institute. 

3. Purring, Placing, Preaching. Blotting, Fitting. 

4. Lovely, Homely, Friendly, Casement, Settle- 
ment, Improvement, Adornment, Torture, Nature. 

5. Itself, Herself, Yourselves, Latitude, Altitude. 

6. Rupture, Ritual, Outward, Inward, Upward. 




LESSON 5. 

Rule 6. — Terminations of many words may be 
omitted, only as much of an outline being written 
as will indicate the word intended* 

In Longhand, words are often cut down, as Capt. 
for Captain, Exam, for Examination, and the presence 
of the long vowels enables this principle to be carried 
out extensively in Dutton's Shorthand, the context 
readily suggesting the complete word. 

Examples : — 

Diametr(ieal) ^X_^ j Accum(ulate) <r-xo , 
Disestab(lish) H> , Modif(ieation) 0£> . 
Unan(imously) %> , Circumf(erence) / ^\ , 
Desig(nation) I , , Acceler(ate) <r-^ . 
Manuf(acture) / %\ , Benev(olence) .j. , 

Philanthr(opy) V " > Proeras(tination). (_ ^ 

Commemor(ate)_^-^ , Insubord(inatirm) C 
Unsubs(tantial) L , Resig(nation) ^ , 

Gestic(ulation) £- , Dissatis(faction) A ■■, 



19 
Demoral(ize) (s~$ , Co nsubs(tantial) -»» 
Extraor(dinary)v — P . Insignif(icance) ^ 

Exper(ience)£> , Redistrib(ution) s\ 

Intang(ible) /^ . Aggrav(ation) f , 
Indiscr(eet) ■-— -, Deferen(tial) ) , 
Infer(ior) *^, Avail(able) J "i" 
Applic(ation) f , Emerg(ency) & 
Parsimonious)^ . Calcu(lation) 



Cultiv(ation) , Fortif(ication) \ , 

Certif(icate)/^ , Perform (ance) C , 

(a) In addition to short i,' 'e' and ' u,' any 
consonant or vowel slightly sounded may generally be 

omitted in the body of words as pliant ( , area 6 , 

blossom ( , handsome C-^ , phial «l, loyal "^ , 

languid^; languor ~i , empty co>, enlistment 



(b) Where it is deemed desirable to denote the 
presence of successive vowels a tick may be 

inserted, as in carrying, —f pre-eminent Afc 



(c) ' D ' may be omitted when immediately pre- 
ceding 'm,'' v,' 'j,' as admit <r~a , admire tr^ 
adjoin u , advocate oZe • 



(d) In such endings as 'any' in visionary, 'ally' 
in generally, ' age ' in village, ' ant ' in jubilant, ' ' al * in 
optional, ' ard ' in blizzard, and 'able' in reasonable, 
where the. 'a', has the short ' i,' or u' sound, the 
vowel ' a ' may be omitted, 



20 

r? 

Examples : — Visionary J„ , Generally 

Village ^y , Reasonable /C , Optional <P 
Blizzard ( Jubilant 1 V. 



/ , Jubilant I 



Church 



(e) In order to avoid confusion with other strokes 
the joining of the strokes in love, live, etc., should be 

clearly indicated, as Love, Live ~> , not -*s 

Presence f , not f , Jug / , not ? 

\ not \ 

(f) Proper names should generally be written in 
Longhand, but when their familiarity permits of 
their being written in Shorthand, the outline should 
be underlined. 

(g) Figures are shorthand signs in themselves, 
and need no further abbreviation. The figure 2 may 
be used for "two, twice, second, secondly"; 3 for 
three, thrice, third, thirdly, etc, ; 20 for twentieth, 
and so on. 

If a line be drawn over figures, it denotes hundreds, 
through figures.. thousands ; and below figures, millions; 
thus, S for 5 00, -fir for 5.000, J5. for 5,000,000 -5- for 
300,000, Hr: for 5,000,000,000, and so on. 

(h) For the Parenthesis, use the brackets £ J All 
other punctuation marks are made exactly as in 
ordinary writing, excepting the full stop, x. 

Phraseography. 

Having completed the theory of construction the 
student now arrives at the point where practice, 
practice, practise brings speed. Nothing else will 
bring that great desideratum of shorthand writers, 
and a regular amount of time should be given every 
day. The number of words per minute will, then grow 
very steadily and very surely. 



21 

Phrasing is of great assistance in getting up speed, 
and small groups of words naturally related to each 
other may be joined together, thereby saving many 
lifts of the pencil. Instead, therefore, of writing 

* \ C for '/ shall be,' the three characters 

may be joined as\ , You will ^ e »»./a . . > 

/ have received ^ 

Phraseography and speed writing should on no 
account be attempted until the theory and word-signs 
have been completely mastered, and any outline written 
without hesitation. 

The following is a short list of phrases which may, 
of course, be considerably extended by the student. 
Phraseograms should only be made from outlines 
which join easily. They should not be too long, nor 
carry the pencil too far from the line of writing. 

In the early stages of phrase-writing phrases 
should be written a little more than the usual distance 
from the preceding word, so that the student will be 
able to easily distinguish between a single word and a 
phrase. 

The following examples will illustrate the art of 
phrasing, The student is recommended to write out 
the list several times, though there is no need to 
commit the phrases to memorv. The ' practice of 
phrasing is almost illimitable, but the three chief 
essentials should always be remembered, viz. :— 
(1) Legibility. (2) Easy joinings, (4) Proximity to the 
line of writing. 

The. and to may also be represented by the t hook, 
in by the prefix hook, and not by the thickened t hook. 

A part^ , a lar*e % , a tree ^—^ a dress f 

All the & , all together Qs , all the work <o . 

All we can Q— , all which ^ , always the 

best (Dps , all you 61 are not s* , 



22 
Almost any <5^ , and the /• , and not s* 
and in their -\ ^ as far as £ , as soon as £» . 

At any rate ^ , at the * , at once \^ 
by this (^ , but this O 

Be able C, , before the C , but we have 
received C ,■ by the by C 

By which it can C , can it be — . , could not 
be the case _^ from day (to) day ) 

Do not be 1/ , does not t , each one 
every day / , every one J 

For his part V , for the moment Vtt^ , 
for there's been i__^ , for which you \^ , 

From the place I , great favour 



place I , 

•v , , ne must 



he should be -^ , he must be _>-* 

Have just J , I am aware <r^/ I will be ^ . 

I regpet <rf , if he were \ /> if there be Z_^/» 
I beg to C , in order that Cp , is not (* 

In reply to your <s(f), in receipt of your <^*? » 
just been 7 , nnay as well /-^ . 

Much more V-^> , must do /-> , must not 
be s-% , more (and) more sifls , not one of 

them U 



23 
Of course this is JjQ^J ,of the people 1 
ought not to C,-t, over which the 7 ( 

Put by (T , regard to the ^ , take courage ^ — r; 
take that 9-vj> . 

That is to be viy , there can be v^_^-£ this is 
not ^^ . to blame / . there is not ^ ^ . 

To which it may li" , very good 
are in receipt CAs > which was \ 

Whose is this ir** , we were not (//* , your 
favour of the f~) 

Transcribe into shorthand the following Business 
Letter, afterwards re-transcribing your attempt into 
longhand. 118 words, 3 minutes : — 

Dear Sir, 

In-reply-to-your-favour of-the 5th inst., to- 
hand this morning, we-regret to hear that you- 
received-the-eonsignment of-goods from-this-offiee 
too-late to-be of-any use to-you. 

Our-packer informs- us £hat-he despatched-them 
in-good time, but-we-have-received a note from- 
the Railway .Company stating that owing to troop 
trains passing through no goods were-allowed to- 
proceed for two days. 

No-doubt you-will be-able to-dispose of-them, 
but-in-the event of-your-failing to-do so, you- 
may-return same. 

Assuring-you-of-our-best-attention at-all times, 
and awaiting your-reply, 

We-beg-to -remain, 

Yours-faithfully, 



THEORY CERTIFICATE. 



Every student zvho Jias thoroughly mastered 
the theory should make an application for a 
Theory Certificate. A selection, not less than 
200 words in length, should be transcribed from 
the current issue of a daily nezvspaper, and ac- 
company the application, together with a remit- 
tance of 25 cents, examination fee. The test 
should first be written out in Longhand, a space 
being left underneath each line for the insertion 
of the shorthand transcription. The full name 
and address of the applicant should be zvritten at 
the top of the paper. 

The following attestation must be made by a 
Teacher or other responsible person at the foot 
of the transcription: — 

/ certify that this transcription in Button's 
Shorthand was written in my presence without 
personal assistance or reference to books; that 
the passage was selected by myself; that it zvas 
unknown to the student, and that it zvas posted 
-without alteration 

Signed 



Post to Examination Dept., Dutton's National 
Business College, Skegness, England. 



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